Question: What are the timestamps for the last login for every Wordpress user in this Wordpress site?

Most answers say to install some plugin, and there are dozens that will show the date and time when each Wordpress user last logged in. However, plugins are a problem, because they always need to be kept up to date, and many plugins get abandoned. Now, you have a potential security problem. Also, this approach assumes that your Wordpress front-end is up and running; if your site has been hacked or accidentally broken, you need to go into the database to do some forensics.

Wordpress 5 didn’t install automatically on sites hosted on my CentOS 7 Wordpress hosting server. That’s by design, because I’m selfish and I’d rather wait for a few bug-fix releases before making a major upgrade. When I chose to upgrade manually on a test site, Wordpress asked for my FTP credentials:

If you’re hosting Wordpress on your own server, it does not need FTP credentials. This page is a symptom of a permissions issue with the underlying server.  The web server (typically Apache) is unable to write the updated files to the Wordpress directory. From a security standpoint, this is actually a good thing. You generally don’t want to allow a public-facing service to make changes on your server. This problem occurs in other situations, such as configuring the WordFence plugin, so I’ve written a page devoted to troubleshooting Wordpress permissions on Linux hosts. That page describes how to fix the permissions issue without compromising the general security of your Wordpress host.

I use Wordfence as a Wordpress security solution. Even the free version has a comprehensive set of features, and the premium version is even better. It’s very easy to install and configure Wordfence as a regular plugin. However, the step to “Optimize the Wordfence firewall” fails for many people. This is not the fault of Wordfence, since different steps may be required depending on how your web server is configured. My solution is for those who are hosting their own Wordpress, but may be helpful to other situations. Please note that these instructions affect the security of your system, and are aimed at users with intermediate to advanced Linux knowledge.